Biomarkers Index
| Abbreviation: | Definition: | Cancer Correlations: | Treatment Correlations: | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog - a tumor suppressor active in EGFR, HER2 and AKT cell signaling pathways. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, colon, lung (non-small cell), brain (glioblastoma), head and neck. |
Brain, Breast, Colorectal, Head & Neck, Lung | low expression associated with lack of response to cetuximab (Erbitux®), gefitinib (Iressa®), trastuzumab (Herceptin®), panitumumab (Vectibix®), erlotinib (Tarceva®) |
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| PR | progesterone receptor, also called PGR - part of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, PR is active in cell multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, ovarian, female genital tract cancer |
Breast, Ovarian | letrozole (Femara®), tamoxifen (Nolvadex®), fulvestrant (Faslodex®), toremifene (Fareston®), exemestane (Aromasin®), anastrozole (Arimidex®), goserelin (Zoladex®), gonadorelin (Factrel®), leuprolide (Eligard®, Lupron®, Viadur®), medroxyprogesterone (Provera®, Amen®, Curretab®, Cycrin®), megestrol acetate (Megace®, Megace® ES) |
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| PIK3CA | Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha - a specific mutation within the PI3 (phosphoinositide 3) kinase pathway or a gene copy number variation; aberrations along the PI3K pathway are associated with many cancers. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: colorectal, brain (glioblastoma), gastric, breast, lung, ovarian. |
Brain, Breast, Colorectal, Gastric, Lung, Ovarian | resistance to lapatinib (Tykerb®), cetuximab (Erbitux®), and panitumumab (Vectibix); decreased response to trastuzumab (Herceptin®) |
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| MGMT | O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase - a gene that encodes a DNA repair enzyme, loss of MGMT may play a role in cancer formation, MGMT can also interfere with treatments that work by disrupting tumor DNA. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, lung (non-small cell), esophageal, brain (glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrogliomas), skin (melanoma), pituitary gland (carcinoma) |
Brain, Breast, Lung, Pituitary Gland, Skin | lack of response to temozolomide (Temodar®) |
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| KRAS | Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog - a proto-oncogene of the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, active in cell signaling in the EGFR pathway, promotes cell growth and multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell), colon, pancreatic |
Colorectal, Lung, Pancreatic | cetuximab (Erbitux®), erlotinib (Tarceva®), gefitinib (Iressa®), panitumumab (Vectibix®) |
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| HER2 | human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, also known as HER2/neu or ErbB-2 - a receptor tyrosine kinase active in cell signaling, promotes cell growth and multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, gastroesophageal, gastric, ovarian, colorectal. |
Breast, Colorectal, Gastric, Ovarian | lapatinib (Tykerb®), trastuzumab (Herceptin®), doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Rubex®), liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx®, Myocet®), epirubicin (Ellence®) |
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| ERCC1 | excision repair cross-complementation group 1 - an enzyme active in DNA repair and therefore a sign of resistance to treatments that work by disrupting tumor DNA. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell and small cell), gastric, ovarian, colorectal, bladder |
Bladder, Colorectal, Gastric, Lung, Ovarian | resistance to cisplatin (Platinol®), carboplatin (Paraplatin®), oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®) |
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| ER | estrogen receptor - part of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, ER is active in cell multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, ovarian, female genital tract cancer |
Breast, Ovarian | anastrazole (Arimidex®), exemestane (Aromasin®), letrozole (Femara®), tamoxifen (Nolvadex®), megestrol acetate (Megace®, Megace® ES), fulvestrant (Faslodex®), toremifene (Fareston®), medroxyprogesterone, (Provera®, Amen®, Curretab®, Cycrin®), goserelin (Zoladex®), leuprolide (Eligard®, Lupron®, Viadur®) |
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| EGFR secondary mutation (T790 M) | A mutation of the EGFR gene associated with acquired resistance to certain treatments. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell), colorectal, head and neck |
Colorectal, Head & Neck, Lung | resistance to erlotinib (Tarceva®), gefitinib (Iressa®) |
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| EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor, also known as ErbB-1 or HER1 - a receptor tyrosine kinase active in cell signaling, promotes cell growth and multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell) |
Lung | cetuximab (Erbitux®), erlotinib (Tarceva®), gefitinib (Iressa®), panitumumab (Vectibix®) |