PTEN |
phosphatase and tensin homolog - a tumor suppressor active in EGFR, HER2 and AKT cell signaling pathways. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, colon, lung (non-small cell), brain (glioblastoma), head and neck.
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Brain, Breast, Colorectal, Head & Neck, Lung |
low expression associated with lack of response to cetuximab (Erbitux®), gefitinib (Iressa®), trastuzumab (Herceptin®), panitumumab (Vectibix®), erlotinib (Tarceva®)
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PR |
progesterone receptor, also called PGR - part of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, PR is active in cell multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, ovarian, female genital tract cancer
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Breast, Ovarian |
letrozole (Femara®), tamoxifen (Nolvadex®), fulvestrant (Faslodex®), toremifene (Fareston®), exemestane (Aromasin®), anastrozole (Arimidex®), goserelin (Zoladex®), gonadorelin (Factrel®), leuprolide (Eligard®, Lupron®, Viadur®), medroxyprogesterone (Provera®, Amen®, Curretab®, Cycrin®), megestrol acetate (Megace®, Megace® ES)
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PIK3CA |
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha - a specific mutation within the PI3 (phosphoinositide 3) kinase pathway or a gene copy number variation; aberrations along the PI3K pathway are associated with many cancers. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: colorectal, brain (glioblastoma), gastric, breast, lung, ovarian.
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Brain, Breast, Colorectal, Gastric, Lung, Ovarian |
resistance to lapatinib (Tykerb®), cetuximab (Erbitux®), and panitumumab (Vectibix); decreased response to trastuzumab (Herceptin®)
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MGMT |
O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase - a gene that encodes a DNA repair enzyme, loss of MGMT may play a role in cancer formation, MGMT can also interfere with treatments that work by disrupting tumor DNA. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, lung (non-small cell), esophageal, brain (glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrogliomas), skin (melanoma), pituitary gland (carcinoma)
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Brain, Breast, Lung, Pituitary Gland, Skin |
lack of response to temozolomide (Temodar®)
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KRAS |
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog - a proto-oncogene of the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, active in cell signaling in the EGFR pathway, promotes cell growth and multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell), colon, pancreatic
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Colorectal, Lung, Pancreatic |
cetuximab (Erbitux®), erlotinib (Tarceva®), gefitinib (Iressa®), panitumumab (Vectibix®)
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HER2 |
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, also known as HER2/neu or ErbB-2 - a receptor tyrosine kinase active in cell signaling, promotes cell growth and multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, gastroesophageal, gastric, ovarian, colorectal.
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Breast, Colorectal, Gastric, Ovarian |
lapatinib (Tykerb®), trastuzumab (Herceptin®), doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Rubex®), liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx®, Myocet®), epirubicin (Ellence®)
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ERCC1 |
excision repair cross-complementation group 1 - an enzyme active in DNA repair and therefore a sign of resistance to treatments that work by disrupting tumor DNA. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell and small cell), gastric, ovarian, colorectal, bladder
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Bladder, Colorectal, Gastric, Lung, Ovarian |
resistance to cisplatin (Platinol®), carboplatin (Paraplatin®), oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®)
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ER |
estrogen receptor - part of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, ER is active in cell multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: breast, ovarian, female genital tract cancer
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Breast, Ovarian |
anastrazole (Arimidex®), exemestane (Aromasin®), letrozole (Femara®), tamoxifen (Nolvadex®), megestrol acetate (Megace®, Megace® ES), fulvestrant (Faslodex®), toremifene (Fareston®), medroxyprogesterone, (Provera®, Amen®, Curretab®, Cycrin®), goserelin (Zoladex®), leuprolide (Eligard®, Lupron®, Viadur®)
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EGFR secondary mutation (T790 M) |
A mutation of the EGFR gene associated with acquired resistance to certain treatments. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell), colorectal, head and neck
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Colorectal, Head & Neck, Lung |
resistance to erlotinib (Tarceva®), gefitinib (Iressa®)
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EGFR |
epidermal growth factor receptor, also known as ErbB-1 or HER1 - a receptor tyrosine kinase active in cell signaling, promotes cell growth and multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell)
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Lung |
cetuximab (Erbitux®), erlotinib (Tarceva®), gefitinib (Iressa®), panitumumab (Vectibix®)
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c-MET |
also known as mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (MET) or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) - a proto-oncogene active in cell signaling, c-MET promotes cancer cell growth and multiplication. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell), ovarian
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Lung, Ovarian |
erlotinib (Tarceva®), gefitinib (Iressa®)
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c-Kit |
tyrosine-protein kinase Kit, also known as CD117 or mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR) - a proto-oncogene that interacts with cell growth factors, c-Kit plays a role in cell survival, multiplication and differentiation. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor), skin (melanoma), blood (acute myelogenous leukemia)
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Blood, Gastric, Skin |
imatinib (Gleevec®), sorafenib (Nexavar®), sunitinib (Sutent®)
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BRCA1 |
Breast cancer 1, early onset - a tumor suppressor gene, BRCA1 helps to repair DNA or destroys cells if DNA cannot be repaired; its expression in many cancers can indicate potential response to certain types of therapies. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung, ovarian, breast
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Breast, Lung, Ovarian |
cisplatin (Platinol®)
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AR |
androgen receptor - part of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, active in cell signaling and therefore cell multiplication and growth. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: prostate, breast, ovarian, bladder, lung (non-small cell)
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Bladder, Breast, Lung, Ovarian, Prostate |
bicalutamide (Casodex®), flutamide (Eulexin®), goserelin (Zoladex®), leuprolide (Lupron®), abarelix (Plenaxis®), gonadorelin (Factrel®)
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ALK |
anaplastic lymphoma kinase - an enzyme that can form an oncogenic fusion gene with EML4. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: lung (non-small cell), lymphoma (anaplastic large-cell), nervous system (familial neuroblastoma).
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Lung, Lymphoma, Nervous System |
crizotinib (Xalkori®), pemetrexed (Alimta®)
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BRAF |
also know as v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 - a proto-oncogene in the RAF/MIL family of molecules active in MAP/ERK cell signaling, promotes cell multiplication and growth. Cancers that may benefit from testing for this biomarker: colon, skin (melanoma), lung (adenocarcinoma), thyroid (papillary thyroid carcinoma), nervous system (pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas with and without anaplasia)
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Colorectal, Lung, Nervous System, Skin, Thyroid |
cetuximab (Erbitux®), panitumumab (Vectibix®), vemurafenib (Zelboraf®)
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FISH, IHC |
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